Journal: Frontiers in Oral Health

Article Title: Unveiling the synergistic effect of icariin and azole drugs on Candida albicans

doi: 10.3389/froh.2025.1517210

Figure Lengend Snippet: Antifungal susceptibility of Candida albicans in the presence of icariin. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) evaluated by E-test strips diffusion placed on YPD-agar plates. Effect of FCZ on yeast cells alone (A) and in combination with icariin 50 µg/ml (B) , amphotericin B (C) amphotericin B and 50 µg/ml icariin (D) and caspofungin alone (E) or in combination with 50 µg/ml icariin (F) Observed MIC values indicated with black arrows on all images: 3.0 µg/ml (A) , 1 µg/ml (B) , 0.5 µg/ml (C,D) , 0,19 µg/ml (E,F ) .

Article Snippet: Serial dilution spot assays were carried out using YPD agar plates containing 3 μg/ml FCZ (Thermo Scientific, catalog number 15365008), 0.2 μg/ml caspofungin (Merck, catalog number SML0425-5MG), or 0.5 μg/ml amphotericin B (Cayman Chemical, catalog number 11636), with or without 50 μg/ml icariin.

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Diffusion-based Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Oral Health

Article Title: Unveiling the synergistic effect of icariin and azole drugs on Candida albicans

doi: 10.3389/froh.2025.1517210

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Effect of FCZ, amphotericin B and caspofungin on icariin-treated cells. Yeast cells (10 6 to 10 3 cells/ml) spotted on YPD-agar plates under different conditions: untreated control (A) , 50 µg/ml icariin (B) , 3 µg/ml FCZ (C) , 3 µg/ml FCZ and 50 µg/ml icariin (D) , 0.5 µg/ml amphotericin (E) , 0.5 µg/ml amphotericin and 50 µg/ml icariin (F) , 0.2 µg/ml caspofungin (G) , and 0.2 µg/ml caspofungin with 50 µg/ml icariin (H) Plates were photographed after 48 h of incubation at 30 °C. (B) Growth of Candida albicans in the presence of icariin and antifungals. Optical density measured at 600 nm (OD 600 ). Values were obtained at 3, 6, and 9 h of incubating exponentially growing cells at 30 °C in YPD broth. No significant effect was observed when cells were grown in media supplemented solely with icariin (50 µg/ml) in the absence of antifungals ( p values = 1.00, 0.58, and 0.69 at 3, 6, and 9 h, respectively). Adding icariin (50 µg/ml) to caspofungin ( p values = 0.58, 0.62, and 0.60) or amphotericin B ( p = 0.79, 0.92, and 0.68) did not result in statistically significant changes in growth compared to each antifungal alone. However, cells exposed to fluconazole in combination with icariin (50 µg/ml) exhibited significantly reduced growth compared to fluconazole alone ( p values = 0.034, 0.004, and 0.002 at 3, 6, and 9 h, respectively).

Article Snippet: Serial dilution spot assays were carried out using YPD agar plates containing 3 μg/ml FCZ (Thermo Scientific, catalog number 15365008), 0.2 μg/ml caspofungin (Merck, catalog number SML0425-5MG), or 0.5 μg/ml amphotericin B (Cayman Chemical, catalog number 11636), with or without 50 μg/ml icariin.

Techniques: Control, Incubation

Journal: Frontiers in Oral Health

Article Title: Unveiling the synergistic effect of icariin and azole drugs on Candida albicans

doi: 10.3389/froh.2025.1517210

Figure Lengend Snippet: Evaluation of icariin's synergy with different azole antifungals. Serial dilution spot assay of C. albicans cells (10⁶ to 10³ cells/ml) grown on YPD agar (A) , 3 µg/ml FCZ with and without 50 µg/ml icariin (C,B) , 0.064 µg/ml itraconazole only (D) or in presence of 50 µg/ml icariin (E) , 0.032 µg/ml ketoconazole (F) and a combination of 0.032 µg/ml ketoconazole and 50 µg/ml icariin (G) .

Article Snippet: Serial dilution spot assays were carried out using YPD agar plates containing 3 μg/ml FCZ (Thermo Scientific, catalog number 15365008), 0.2 μg/ml caspofungin (Merck, catalog number SML0425-5MG), or 0.5 μg/ml amphotericin B (Cayman Chemical, catalog number 11636), with or without 50 μg/ml icariin.

Techniques: Serial Dilution, Spot Test

Journal: Frontiers in Oral Health

Article Title: Unveiling the synergistic effect of icariin and azole drugs on Candida albicans

doi: 10.3389/froh.2025.1517210

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fluorescent microscopy assessment of permeability of icariin-treated cells. Microscopy images of C. albicans cells stained with FUN-1 following cultivation in different conditions: YPD broth (A,B) , medium containing 3 µg/ml FCZ (C,D) , 50 µg/ml icariin (E,F) , or a combination of icariin and FCZ (G,H) . Images were captured at 15 and 30 min, scale bar 100 µm.

Article Snippet: Serial dilution spot assays were carried out using YPD agar plates containing 3 μg/ml FCZ (Thermo Scientific, catalog number 15365008), 0.2 μg/ml caspofungin (Merck, catalog number SML0425-5MG), or 0.5 μg/ml amphotericin B (Cayman Chemical, catalog number 11636), with or without 50 μg/ml icariin.

Techniques: Microscopy, Permeability, Staining

Journal: Frontiers in Oral Health

Article Title: Unveiling the synergistic effect of icariin and azole drugs on Candida albicans

doi: 10.3389/froh.2025.1517210

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cell viability assay of icariin-treated cells. Fluorescent microscopy images of C. albicans cells stained with propidium iodide following incubation in different conditions. From left to right: YPD broth, medium containing 50 µg/ml icariin, 3 µg/ml FCZ, a combination of icariin and FCZ, or 100 µg/ml amphotericin B. Images were captured after 6 h of incubation. Top panels show phase contrast images and bottom panels red fluorescent images. Scale bar 100 µm.

Article Snippet: Serial dilution spot assays were carried out using YPD agar plates containing 3 μg/ml FCZ (Thermo Scientific, catalog number 15365008), 0.2 μg/ml caspofungin (Merck, catalog number SML0425-5MG), or 0.5 μg/ml amphotericin B (Cayman Chemical, catalog number 11636), with or without 50 μg/ml icariin.

Techniques: Viability Assay, Microscopy, Staining, Incubation

Journal: Frontiers in Oral Health

Article Title: Unveiling the synergistic effect of icariin and azole drugs on Candida albicans

doi: 10.3389/froh.2025.1517210

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of icariin on cell membrane stress sensitivity. Yeast cells (10 6 to 10 3 cells/ml) spotted on YPD-agar plates under different conditions: untreated control (A) , 0.017% SDS (B) , 0.017% SDS and 50 µg/ml icariin (C) , 0.017% SDS and 2 µg/ml FCZ (D) , and 0.017% SDS, 2 µg/ml FCZ and 50 µg/ml icariin (E) Plates were photographed after 48 h of incubation at 30 °C.

Article Snippet: Serial dilution spot assays were carried out using YPD agar plates containing 3 μg/ml FCZ (Thermo Scientific, catalog number 15365008), 0.2 μg/ml caspofungin (Merck, catalog number SML0425-5MG), or 0.5 μg/ml amphotericin B (Cayman Chemical, catalog number 11636), with or without 50 μg/ml icariin.

Techniques: Membrane, Control, Incubation

Journal: Frontiers in Oral Health

Article Title: Unveiling the synergistic effect of icariin and azole drugs on Candida albicans

doi: 10.3389/froh.2025.1517210

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of icariin in combination with the cell wall stressor calcofluor-white. Serial dilution spot assays of C. albicans cells grown on YPD media (A) supplemented with 75 µg/ml Calcofluor-white (CFW) (B) , 75 µg/ml CFW and 50 µg/ml icariin (C) , 75 µg/ml CFW and 2 µg/ml FCZ (D) 75 µg/L CFW and 2 µg/ml FCZ and 50 µg/ml icariin (E) Results were recorded after 48 h of incubation at 30 °C.

Article Snippet: Serial dilution spot assays were carried out using YPD agar plates containing 3 μg/ml FCZ (Thermo Scientific, catalog number 15365008), 0.2 μg/ml caspofungin (Merck, catalog number SML0425-5MG), or 0.5 μg/ml amphotericin B (Cayman Chemical, catalog number 11636), with or without 50 μg/ml icariin.

Techniques: Serial Dilution, Incubation